To investigate the prognostic significance of TGF beta R2 expression and chemotherapy in Chinese non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, TGF beta R2 expression NSCLC was analyzed in silico using the Oncomine database, and subsequently analyzed with quantitative RT-PCR in 308 NSCLC biopsies, 42 of which were paired with adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. Our results show that TGF beta R2 expression was also increased in NSCLC biopsies relative to normal tissue samples and correlated with poor prognosis. TGF beta R2 expression was also significantly correlated with other clinical parameters such as tumor differentiation, invasion of lung membrane, and chemotherapy. Moreover, overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) was increased in patients with low TGF beta R2 expressing NSCLC and who had undergone chemotherapy. Thus, high expression of TGF beta R2 is a significant risk factor for decreased OS and DFS in NSCLC patients. Thus, TGF beta R2 is a potential prognostic tumor biomarker for chemotherapy.